| Authors report the results of their own study, in which they collected and analyzed data, often in the field or in the laboratory; also called empirical research. |
Authors summarize previously published studies and discuss trends, patterns, and relationships among them. |
Authors provide a general overview and factual information about a topic. |
| Formats: original research articles, dissertations, technical reports, and conference presentations |
Formats: books and literature review articles, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses |
Formats: fact sheets, guidelines, textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and handbooks |
| Example: Tadros, M., et al. (2023). Preferences of university students for a psychological intervention designed to improve sleep: Focus group study. JMIR human factors, 10, e44145. https://doi.org/10.2196/44145 |
Example: Wang, F., & Bíró, É. (2021). Determinants of sleep quality in college students: A literature review. Explore, 17(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.11.003 |
Example: Centers for Disease Control. (2024, May 22). FastStats: Sleep in adults. Sleep. https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/data-research/facts-stats/adults-sleep-facts-and-stats.html |
